What is Jewish Genetic Screening?

For the Ashkenazi Jewish population, genetic carrier screening is an important step in family planning and health management. 

Approximately 1 in 4 individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent carries at least one genetic mutation that could affect future generations, and understanding the risks pertaining to those of Jewish ancestry can prove vital for making informed healthcare decisions, especially when it comes to pregnancy.

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Key Statistics for Ashkenazi Jewish Genetic Conditions

The frequency of certain genetic conditions in the Ashkenazi Jewish population is notably higher than in the general population. This is often because Jews of Ashkenazi descent are more likely to be carriers of certain genetic conditions. For most genes, we are each born with two copies. When one autosomal recessive gene contains a mutation that shuts down the function of that gene, the other copy of the gene is typically sufficient, and a mutation carrier will not typically experience symptoms. 

However, when two individuals who are both carriers of mutations in the same gene conceive together, there is a 25% chance with each pregnancy that both the mom and dad pass on the copy of the gene containing the mutation to their offspring. With neither copy of a given gene working properly, that child could have symptoms of the condition for which their parents are carriers.

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Some of the most common conditions for which individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent are carriers include: 

• Tay-Sachs Disease: 1 in 27 carrier rate 
• Gaucher Disease: 1 in 15 carrier rate 
• Familial Dysautonomia: 1 in 31 carrier rate 
• Canavan Disease: 1 in 40 carrier rate

High carrier frequency in a particular population will also mean that without intervention, it is more likely for individuals in that population to be affected with the condition.  

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Mixed Heritage Considerations

It is important to note that having partial Jewish ancestry still warrants consideration for genetic screening for conditions more common in Jewish individuals. 

For example:

• Even one One Jewish grandparent is sufficient to be considered “Jewish” for the purpose of testing reasons for testing
• Partners of Jewish individuals carriers should be tested as well consider screening
• Expanded panels that are considered “pan-ethnic” are available for interfaith couples
• Testing may be valuable regardless of known percentage of Jewish ancestry

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Understanding BRCA Mutations

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations significantly impact cancer risk in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. In contrast to the conditions described above, in the case of BRCA mutations, even a single inherited mutation is sufficient to cause an increased risk of cancers. 

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Women with BRCA mutations face:

• Up to an 85% lifetime risk of breast cancer
• Up to a 46% risk of ovarian cancer
• Increased risk of pancreatic cancer

Men with BRCA mutations may experience:

• Higher risk of prostate cancer
• Increased risk of male breast cancer
• Elevated pancreatic cancer risk

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The Testing Process

Genetic screening has evolved into a comprehensive yet straightforward process that includes these initial considations: 

• Review of family history
• Consideration of testing options
• Risk assessment

With Sample Collection involving:

• Simple saliva (or blood) sample 
• Non-invasive 
• Can be done pretty much anywhere!

‍And results and counseling concluding as follows:

• Results within 2-4 weeks
• Professional genetic counseling
• Discussion of next steps

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The Impact on Family Planning

In the case of autosomal recessive conditions, understanding your carrier status opens multiple pathways for family planning:

For Carriers:

• Partner testing is highly encouraged
• Preconception planning, especially if both partners are positive for mutations in the same gene
• Prenatal testing choices, especially if an at-risk pregnancy is already underway
• Reproductive technology alternatives, in order to allow for genetically healthy pregnancies

For Non-Carriers:

• Peace of mind can provide its own value
• Greater understanding of family risksInformed healthcare decisions

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Taking Action on Hereditary Cancer Screening

In the case of cancer predisposition genes, early identification of risks enables proactive health management through:

• Enhanced cancer screening protocols
• Risk-reducing procedures when appropriate or desired
• Preventive medication options or targeted therapies
• Lifestyle modifications
• Family testing recommendations

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Next Steps

The decision to pursue genetic screening represents a powerful step toward proactive health management. While mutations in certain genes are relatively common in the Jewish population, having access to this information enables informed decision-making and family planning. 

Remember, genetic screening is about expanding options through knowledge, understanding and access. Whether you're planning a family or are concerned about hereditary cancer risks, professional guidance is available to help you navigate your genetic health journey.

‍Contact our genetic counselors today to discuss your screening options and develop a personalized testing plan that addresses your specific needs and concerns.

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